Optimal Timing in Dynamic and Robust Attacker Engagement During Advanced Persistent Threats

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are stealthy attacks which make use of social engineering and deception to give adversaries insider access to networked systems. Against APTs, active defense technologies aim to create and exploit information asymmetry for defenders. In this paper, we study a scenario in which a powerful defender uses honeynets for active defense in order to observe an attacker who has penetrated the network. Rather than immediately eject the attacker, the defender may elect to gather information. We introduce an undiscounted, infinite-horizon Markov decision process on a continuous state space in order to model the defender's problem. We find a threshold of information that the defender should gather about the attacker before ejecting him. Then we study the robustness of this policy using a Stackelberg game. Finally, we simulate the policy for a conceptual network. Our results provide a quantitative foundation for studying optimal timing for attacker engagement in network defense.Comment: Submitted to the 2019 Intl. Symp. Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Nets. (WiOpt

Charakterisierung von zwei monogenen Mutanten der Erbse, Pisum sativum L., mittels molekularbiologischer Arbeitsmethoden

[no abstract

Der bankmässig organisierte Agrarkredit in Estland : akademische Abhandlung

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4003996*es

Lalli, Scarron et les Mazarinades – Parodie et réalisme dans la littérature française au milieu du XVIIe siècle

Comme chacun sait, le roman est aujourd’hui «la chose du monde la mieux partagée». Les non-spécialistes le prennent pour un équivalent de littérature, les spécialistes s’occupent aussi volontiers des autres genres littéraires. Mais le roman a ceci de particulier que son histoire paraît être exemplaire: c’est le genre qui démontre le plus ostensiblement qu’après des débuts idéalistes, la littérature finit par devenir réaliste. Ce n’est pas un hazard que quand nous parlons de réalisme en littér..

standard and innovation

Die akute lymphoblastische Leukämie im Kindesalter hat mit heutigen Methoden eine Heilungsrate von über 90%. Dagegen überleben nur etwa 50% der Kinder mit Rückfall einer ALL trotz intensiver Chemotherapie und HSZT bei den meisten Patienten. Somit besteht bei Kindern mit ALL-Rezidiv ein dringender Bedarf für die weitere Optimierung der Standardtherapie, der besseren Charakterisierung von biologischen und prognostischen Subgruppen sowie für neue Medikamente mit anderen idealerweise gezielteren Wirkmechanismen, die in der Lage sind, Therapieresistenz der leukämischen Klone zu durchbrechen. Die ALL-REZ BFM Studiengruppe hat seit nunmehr 30 Jahren Therapieoptimierungsstudien durchgeführt und damit die Prognose der Kinder mit ALL-Rezidiv konsequent verbessert. Dabei wurde insbesondere die Dosierung und der Verabreichungsmodus von hoch dosiertem Methotrexat in prospektiven randomisierten Studien untersucht, wobei in der Studie ALL-REZ BFM 90 die Dosis von 1g/m² mit einer Infusionsdauer von 36 und einer reduzierten Leukovorin Rescue als optimales Konzept etabliert werden konnten. Neben den randomisierten Fragen konnte diese Studie eine Reihe weiterer Erkenntnisse über die biologische Charakteristik der Erkrankung, prognostische Faktoren und Therapieverbesserungen im historischen Vergleich erarbeiten. Die intensive Chemotherapie und die allogene hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation ist verbunden mit akuten Nebenwirkungen und Spätfolgen zu denen auch das Auftreten von Zweitmalignomen gehört. Im Verlauf der ALL-REZ BFM Studien konnten Patientengruppen definiert werden, die eine besonders schlechte Prognose haben und mit konventioneller Therapie nicht heilbar sind. Zu diesen zählen Patienten mit Rezidiv von lymphoblastischen Lymphomen, sowie Patienten mit Nonresponse auf die konventionelle Rezidiv- Induktionstherapie. Innovative diagnostische Verfahren erlauben darüber hinaus, weitere Patientengruppen zu definieren, die ein hohes Folgerezidivrisiko trotz intensiver konventioneller Therapie haben. Dazu zählt die Quantifizierung minimaler Resterkrankung im Therapieverlauf durch molekularbiologische Methoden. Insbesondere Patienten mit einer hohen minimalen Resterkrankung vor allogener hämatopoetischer Stammzelltransplantation haben ein hohes Risiko für ein erneutes ALL-Rezidiv mit dann infauster Prognose. Die so definierten Patientengruppen haben neben solchen mit Folgerezidiv einer ALL einen dringenden Bedarf für die Einführung von neuen Substanzen mit anderen Wirkmechanismen als die der konventionellen Chemotherapie und idealerweise mit gezielter leukämiespezifischer Aktivität und geringeren akuten und langfristigen Nebenwirkungen. Die ALL-REZ BFM Studiengruppe beteiligt sich an einem Programm zur Entwicklung von neuen Substanzen bei ALL im Kindesalter, das eine enge Interaktion mit den zuständigen Behörden, der pharmazeutischen Industrie und den involvierten akademischen Gruppen erfordert. Die zukünftigen Strategien zur Behandlung von Kindern mit rezidivierter und/oder refraktärer ALL werden in einem durch die EU finanziertes Projekt international harmonisiert und erlauben die Durchführung von prospektiven randomisierten Studien in biologischen Subgruppen, um neue Substanzen nach erfolgreichen Phase I/II Studien in kurative Therapiekonzepte integrieren zu können. Die aus dieser Entwicklung erwachsene Vision ist eine nebenwirkungsarme gezielte und individualisierte Behandlung von Kindern mit ALL mit möglichst vollständiger Vermeidung von Rückfällen der Erkrankung.Today’s cure rates of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have exceeded 90%. In contrast, only 50% of children with relapsed ALL survive despite intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell Transplantation (HSCT) in most patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for optimization of standard therapy in childhood relapsed ALL, for a better characterization of biologic and prognostic subgroups, and for new drugs with ideally targeted mechanism of action allowing for overcoming treatment resistance of leukemic clones. The ALL-REZ BFM Study Group has conducted clinical trials for optimization of treatment since 30 years and subsequently improved the prognosis of children with relapsed ALL. In particular the dose and mode of application of high dose methotrexate has been investigated in randomized prospective trials. Furthermore, improvement of therapy has been achieved with uncontrolled changes referring to historical controls. Intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic HSCT is associated with acute and late toxicities one of which is secondary malignancy. In the course of the ALL-REZ BFM trials patient subgroups could be defined with a very poor prognosis and without chance of cure with conventional therapies. These include patient with relapse of a lymphoblastic lymphoma and those with nonresponse to conventional salvage induction therapy. The quantification of minimal residual disease (MRD) with molecular biologic techniques allow defining additional patient groups with very high risk for subsequent relapse despite intensive conventional treatment. Those patients with high MRD pre allogeneic HSCT have a high risk of relapse post HSCT with then dismal prognosis. These patient groups have an urgent need for the introduction of new drugs with targeted mechanism of action and less acute and late side effects. The ALL-REZ BFM Study Group joins activities to develop such new agents in close collaboration with industry and competent authorities. Future strategies for treatment of childhood relapsed ALL in Europe are harmonized in an EU funded FP7 project allowing for performing large prospective randomized trials in biologic subgroups to integrate new agents after successfully passing phase I/II trials in curative treatment protocols. The vision for the future is a low-toxic individualized treatment for children with ALL with prevention of relapse of the disease

Mose

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4182893*es

Identification of genic moss SSR markers and a comparative analysis of twenty-four algal and plant gene indices reveal species-specific rather than group-specific characteristics of microsatellites

BACKGROUND: The moss Physcomitrella patens is an emerging model in comparative plant science. At present, the Physcomitrella genome is sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute (USA). In this study we present our results on the development of expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellite markers for Physcomitrella patens, their classification and applicability as genetic markers on the intra- as well as on the interspecies level. We experienced severe restrictions to compare our results on Physcomitrella with earlier studies for other plant species due to varying microsatellite search criteria and a limited selection of analysed species. As a consequence, we performed a side by side analysis of expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellites among 24 plant species covering a broad phylogenetic range and present our results on the observed frequencies. RESULTS: We identified 3,723 microsatellites using the software MISA in a non-redundant Physcomitrella expressed sequence tag database comprising more than 37 megabases of nucleotide information. For 2,951 microsatellites appendant primer sequences have been derived. PCR of 376 microsatellites yielded 88 % successful amplicons and over 30 % polymorphisms between two Physcomitrella accessions. The polymorphism information content of 64 microsatellites based on 21 different Physcomitrella accessions was comparably high with a mean of 0.47 +/- 0.17. Of the 64 Physcomitrella microsatellite markers, 34 % respectively 79.7 % revealed cross-species applicability in two closely related moss species. In our survey of two green algae, two mosses, a fern, a fern palm, the ginkgo tree, two conifers, ten dicots and five monocots we detected an up to sevenfold variation in the overall frequency with a minimum of 37 up to maximal 258 microsatellites per megabase and a high variability among the different microsatellite class and motif frequencies. Numerous species-specific microsatellite frequencies became evident and several deviations to earlier reports were ascertained. CONCLUSION: With the Physcomitrella microsatellite marker set a valuable tool has been made available for further genetic and genomic applications on the intra- as well as on the interspecies level. The comparative survey of expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellites among the plant kingdom is well suited for a classification of future studies on plant microsatellites

6 kirja Karl Morgensternile, Poll

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1782681~S1*es

Detecting Data-Flow Errors in BPMN 2.0

Data-flow errors in BPMN 2.0 process models, such as missing or unused data, lead to undesired process executions. In particular, since BPMN 2.0 with a standardized execution semantics allows specifying alternatives for data as well as optional data, identifying missing or unused data systematically is difficult. In this paper, we propose an approach for detecting data-flow errors in BPMN 2.0 process models. We formalize BPMN process models by mapping them to Petri Nets and unfolding the execution semantics regarding data. We define a set of anti-patterns representing data-flow errors of BPMN 2.0 process models. By employing the anti-patterns, our tool performs model checking for the unfolded Petri Nets. The evaluation shows that it detects all data-flow errors identified by hand, and so improves process quality

Detecting Data-Flow Errors in BPMN 2.0

Data-flow errors in BPMN 2.0 process models, such as missing or unused data, lead to undesired process executions. In particular, since BPMN 2.0 with a standardized execution semantics allows specifying alternatives for data as well as optional data, identifying missing or unused data systematically is difficult. In this paper, we propose an approach for detecting data-flow errors in BPMN 2.0 process models. We formalize BPMN process models by mapping them to Petri Nets and unfolding the execution semantics regarding data. We define a set of anti-patterns representing data-flow errors of BPMN 2.0 process models. By employing the anti-patterns, our tool performs model checking for the unfolded Petri Nets. The evaluation shows that it detects all data-flow errors identified by hand, and so improves process quality